Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 17 weeks of swimming exercise on the lipid profile of hypothyroid rats. Method. 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: controls submitted to aerobic training (CT); hypothyroid submitted to aerobic training (HT); sedentary controls (SC) and sedentary hypothyroid (SH). HT and SH were induced to hypothyroidism by administering 1 mg of propylthiouracil, while CT and SC animals received distilled water. The animals had unrestricted access to ration and water. Swimming took place five times per week, 60 minutes per session, with overload corresponding to 3% of body weight. At the end of the experiment total cholesterol (C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), triglycerides and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured. Results. The main finding of the study was the lower values (p < 0.05) obtained for two variables in the HT group (C = 74.6 ± 8.7 mg/dl and LDL = 43.7 ± 6.5 mg/dl) compared to the SH group (C = 91.3 ± 6.8 mg/dl and LDL-C = 55.6 ± 2.0 mg/dl). Conclusion. It was concluded that swimming exercises can minimize the increase in C and LDL-C blood levels in hypothyroid rats.

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de 17 semanas de ejercicios de natación en el perfil lipídico de los ratones de laboratorio con hipotiroidismo. Método. 24 ratones de laboratorio machos, especie Wistar, fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: control y sometidos a entrenamiento aeróbico (CT); con hipotiroidismo y sometidos a entrenamiento aeróbico (HT); control sedentario (CS) y sedentario con hipotiroidismo (SH). Los animales de los grupos HT y HS fueron inducidos al hipotiroidismo por medio de administración de 1mg de propiltiouracilo, mientras que los animales de los grupos CT y CS, recibieron agua destilada. Los animales tuvieron libre acceso a su alimento y agua. La natación fue realizada 5 veces por semana, 60 minutos por sesión, sobrecarga correspondiente a 3% del peso corporal del animal. Al final del experimento fueron dosificadas las concentraciones de colesterol total (C), lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL-C), lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL-C), lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (VLDL-C), triglicéridos y hormona estimulante de la tiroides (THS). Resultados. El principal hallazgo del estudio fueron los valores menores (p < 0.05) en dos variables del grupo HT (C = 74.6 ± 8.7 mg/dl e LDL = 43.7 ± 6.5 mg/dl) en relación al grupo HS (C = 91.3 ± 6.8 mg/dl e LDLC = 55.6 ± 2.0 mg/dl). Conclusión. Se concluye que el ejercicio aeróbico de natación puede minimizar en ratones de laboratorio el aumento de los niveles sanguíneos de C y LDL-C debido a la condición de hipotiroidismo.

Na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos para parede e piso, são usadas misturas com matérias-primas de diversas regiões com características físicas e químicas diferentes. Essas mudanças de matérias-primas alteram as qualidades do produto final, o que implica em constante reformulação na composição de massas cerâmicas através de tentativas e erros, consumindo tempo e material. Isso configura a circunstância ideal para aplicar as técnicas de projeto de experimentos, freqüentemente usadas em outras áreas para modelar as propriedades mecânicas de corpos cerâmicos. No presente estudo, 21 formulações foram desenvolvidas a partir de seis matérias-primas utilizadas como fator de controle no projeto de experimento: talco, quartzo, calcário, filito, dolomita e argila. Essas misturas foram processadas em condições semelhantes aquelas usadas na indústria cerâmica: preparação da massa (moagem a úmido, secagem, granulação) preparação do corpo verde (prensagem e secagem) aquecimento (a 1180 ºC) e caracterização. Com os resultados experimentais foram calculados os modelos de regressão relacionando resistência à flexão, retração linear e absorção de água. Depois da análise estatística e verificação dos experimentos, o nível de significância e validades dos modelos foram confirmados, e uma técnica para otimização dos corpos cerâmicos foi desenvolvida, com expressões matemáticas denominadas função perda de qualidade.Os modelos de regressão e a técnica desenvolvida de perda de qualidade podem então ser usados para a melhor combinação daquelas seis matérias-primas para produzir um corpo cerâmico com propriedades específicas.

In the production of wall and floor ceramic tiles, mixtures of raw materials from several origins with different physical and chemical characteristics are used. Those changes of raw materials alter the quality of the finished product, what implicates in the constant reformulation in the composition of the ceramic mass through try and error, consuming time and materials. This configures the ideal circumstance to apply the techniques of experiments design, often used in many areas to model properties of such ceramic bodies. In the present study, 21 formulations of six raw materials, namely talc, quartz, calcareous, phyllite, dolomite and clay were selected and used as control factors in the experiments design. Those formulations were processed under conditions similar to those used in the ceramics industry: powder preparation (wet grinding, drying, granulation and drying), green body preparation (pressing and drying), firing (at 1180 ºC) and characterization. With the experimental results, regression models were calculated, relating bending strength, linear firing shrinkage and water absorption. After statistical analysis and verification experiments, the significance and validity of the models were confirmed, and one technique for optimization of ceramic bodies was developed: a mathematical expressions denominated loss of quality function. The regression models and the developed technique of the loss quality can then be used for the best combination of those six raw materials to produce a ceramic body with specified properties.

Pd-Ag alloy membranes (with different silver contents) have been prepared by electroless plating technique for hydrogen separation. The surface morphology and phase structures of the composite membranes were investigated using a scanning electron microscope and a X-ray diffractometer, respectively. Hydrogen permeation experiments through the membranes synthesized at different hydrogen pressures (50 - 250 kPa) and temperatures (623 - 823 K) are reported. The experimental results reveal that the membranes showed a considerable enhancement in the hydrogen permeation and that the contribution of surface process for permeation was significant at high temperatures.

A mechanistic approach for modeling the thread milling process is presented. The mechanics of cutting for thread milling is analyzed as an end milling process with modified cutting edge. The geometry of threads is added to the geometry of the end milling tool to calculate the chip load area. The linear path is simulated and values of the specific energy from end milling are used to compute the cutting forces involved. A comparison between the simulation of the cutting forces for a specific tool in two different situations is made to present the force behavior acquired from the model.

It is estimated that around 65% of the cost of a die or mould is related to the machining processes. Moreover, the literature says that 70% of the time spent in the machining processes of this kind of parts is used in finishing and semi-finishing operations. The high complexity of the machined surfaces makes mandatory the use of ball nose tools, with large overhang, what increases vibration in the process. These problems have to be minimized, since dies and moulds demand a very good surface finish and tight dimensional tolerances. A frequently used strategy to attenuate these problems is to carry out semi-finishing operations with cutters containing circular inserts, because these inserts produce smooth transitions among the passes and a smaller and more uniform stock material for the finishing operation. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of rounded inserts of carbide and cermet in the semi-finishing milling (called toroidal milling) of H13 steel with hardness of 50 HRc. The influence of radial depth of cut, cutting speed and feed per tooth on tool life will also be considered. It also intends to test the feasibility of using minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) technique instead of dry cutting in this kind of machining operation.

De janeiro a dezembro-1986, nasceram 120 crianças com peso ao nascimento inferior a 1500 gramas. Dessas, 85 foram escolhidas para estudo por apresentarem avaliação ultrassonográfica de crânio e/ou estudo necroscópico. A mortalidade do grupo de estudo foi da 70%, porém a mortalidade geral no período foi de 52,5%. A avaliação ultrassonográfica foi realizada em 41 crianças. A incidência de hemoragia peri-intraventricular (HPIV) foi de 42,3%. Vinte e três crianças (63,8%) apresentaram HPIV grau II ou III; 10 apresentaram HPIV grau I (27,7%) e apenas 3 (8,3%) tinham o grau IV. Treze crianças tinham realizado ultrassonografia de crânio e exame necroscópico. Houve concordância total entre as duas avaliações em 9 (69%), enquanto 2 casos (16%) apresentavam concordância parcial, pois o diagnóstico dos graus de HPIV foram divergentes. Apenas 2 casos apresentavam discordância entre as avaliações de ultrassom e necrópsia. Em ambos a avaliação ultrassonográfica inicial mostrou ausência de hemorragia intracraniana e a necrópsia, HPIV. Entretanto, o óbito ocorreu 20 e 53 dias, respectivamente, após a avaliação sonográfica. Concluimos que a incidência de HPIV foi comparável à referida na literatura e que o exame ultrassonográfico de crânio é bastante confiável para o seu diagnóstico.

From January to December 1986, 120 preterm infants were born with birth-weight under 1500 gm. Eighty-five infants were included in the study group either because they had a cranial sonographic evaluation or a necropsy. The mortality rate was 70% for the study group, but was 52.5% for the whole period. The sonographic examination was performed in 41 infants. The incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) was 42.3%. Twenty-three cases had PIVH grade II (63.8%), 10 grade I (27.7%), and 3 (8.3%) grade IV Thirteen infants had sonographic and necroscopic examinations. We observed a total agreement between sonographic and necroscopic diagnosis in 9 cases (69%). Two cases were classified as partial agreement as they differed only in the grading of PIVH, whereas in two cases there was a failse negative diagnosis in the ultrasound examination. The interval between the examinations in these two false negative cases was 53 and 20 days, respectively. We conclude that the incidence of PIVH found in our study is comparable to that of the literature and that cranial ultrasonography is a sensitive neuroimage tecnique for the diagnosis of PIVH in the newborn preterm infant.

Foi realizado um estudo dos efeitos de cloreto de clorocol ina e de cloreto de mepiquat na cultura do algodão em 11 experimentos de campo conduzidos em nove municípi os do Estado de São Paulo, nos anos agrícolas de 1980/81 e 1981/82. Para ambos os produtos foram estudadas as doses de 50g/ha, aplicada de uma só vez aos 60-70 dias de idade das plantas ou, parceladamente, 30g/ha nessa época e 20g/ha 15 dias após; e, de 75g/ha aplicada parcela damente, 50g/ha e 25g/ha, da mesma forma anterior. Como era esperado, ambos os produtos promovem redução da altura das plantas, da ordem de 25%, em relação às parce las não tratadas. Todavia, reflexos positivos na produção só foram observados nos experimentos com grande desenvolvimento das plantas (acima de 130 cm de altura). Nesses casos, as melhores produções foram obtidas com o tratamento 30 + 20g/ha , para ambos os produtos, que, na média e sem diferir entre si, induziram aumentos de cerca de 10% na produção. Em média, a produção no "baixeiro" das plantas (até 35cm de altura), foi, nas parcelas tratadas, 16% maior do que na testemunha, significando que, nesta, a produção total ficou mais dependente do "ponteiro" , portanto, de tratamentos fitossanitrios até o final do ciclo. Os produtos provocaram aumento no peso dos capulhos e das sementes e redução na porce ntagem de fibra. Aumentaram também o comprimento da fibra. Os efeitos nas sementes, na porcentagem de fibra e no comprimento desta, foram mais pronunciados com o uso de cloreto de clorocolina.

A comparative study of the effects of chlrocoline chloride and mepiquat chloride growth regulators, on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in regions of Sao Paulo State, during 1980/81 and 1981/82 was carried out. The treatments were: the basic of 50g/ha applied at 60-70 days after emergency; the same dose divided in 30g/h a at the same date and 20g/h a at 15 days after, and parceled application of 75g/h a, being 50g/h a at 60- 70 days and 25g/h a at 75-80 days afte r emergence. Tests were analyzed in two groups, those with higher plant height and those, with smaller plants. Yield, plant height, technologycal characters and yield distribution on the plant were evaluated. The last character consisting in the percentage of bolls set on the lower 35 cm plant height. The results showed a significative effect for yield in the case of the group of more developed plants. In this group the 30 + 20g/h a parceled dose showed the highest yield. For both groups the regulator reduced significan tly the height of the plants. They induced an increase in seed grade, boll weight, fiber length and decrease in percentage of fibers. There was also a higher concentration of bolls on the lower 35 cm of the treated plots.